Cytokine concentrations^* in plasma and spleen of pigs fed T1 diet (sunflower meal) or T2 diet (camelina oil cakes).

<p>*Concentration of cytokines was measured by ELISA in samples of spleen and plasma collected at the end of the experiment, using R&D Systems kits (according to the manufacturer’s instructions). Results were expressed as picograms (pg) of cytokine/mg of spleen protein or/ml of plasma. Data are means ± SEM (n = 12).</p>a,b,c<p> = Means with different superscripts within a row are significantly different (P<0.0).</p><p>Cytokine concentrations^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110186#nt110" target="_blank">*</a>} in plasma and spleen of pigs fed T1 diet (sunflower meal) or T2 diet (camelina oil cakes).</p

Effects of T1 diet (sunflower meal) or T2 diet (camelina oil cakes) on selected blood biochemical parameters^*.

<p>*Pigs received two different dietary fat treatments: T1 diet (12% sunflower meal) and T2 (12% camelina oil cakes) diet for 33d. At the end of the experiment plasma from 12 pigs/group was used to measure the blood biochemical parameters. Data are means ± standard error of the mean (SEM).</p>a,b<p> = Mean values within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P<0·05).</p><p>Effects of T1 diet (sunflower meal) or T2 diet (camelina oil cakes) on selected blood biochemical parameters^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110186#nt106" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

The sequences of primers used for qPCR amplification.

The sequences of primers used for qPCR amplification.</p

Phospho-p65 NF-κB expression in protein spleen lysate.

<p>The level of p65-NF-kB phosphorylation in spleen of pigs fed or not with camelina oil-cakes was determined by western blot and expressed as the ratio between phospho-p65 NF-κB and β-actin band intensities respectively. For each group of animals the mean values ± SEM were calculated and presented as histogram. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher test (*<i>P</i><0.05, T1 diet-control group (white column) versus T2 diet -Camelina group (grey column).</p

Effect of camelina oil-cakes on antioxidant enzymes expression.

<p>Spleen samples were taken at the end of the trial on day 33 and were analyzed for SOD, CAT and GPx mRNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR. Results are expressed as fold change after normalization of the expression of target gene to the mean of 2 internally reference genes expression. Values are the means ± SEM, from two replicates. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher test (*<i>P</i><0.05, T1 diet-control group (white column) versus T2 diet -Camelina group (grey column).</p

Fig 2 -

The effects of GSM on the antioxidant genes expression (A) and antioxidant activity (B, C, D) in IPEC-1 cells. IPEC-1 cells were incubated with the following treatments: Control = untreated cells; LPS = cells treated with LPS (5μg/ml) + 100 μL culture media, 24h; GSM = cells pre-incubated 4h without LPS and treated after with 100 μL (50μg/mL) of GSM phenolic extract; LPS + GSM = cells pre-incubated with LPS (5μg/ml) 4 h and treated after with 100 μL (50μg/mL) of GSM phenolic extract 24h; EGCG = cells pre-incubated 4h without LPS and treated after with 100 μL (23μg/ml) EGCG; LPS + EGCG = cells pre-incubated with LPS (5μg/ml) 4 h and treated after with 100 μL (23μg/ml) EGCG, 24h. Results are presented as means ± standard errors, from three experimental series. a, b, c = Histograms for each group with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.050). The enzyme activities were expressed as: μmol/ml (CAT), U/ml (SOD), μmol/ml (TAC). The heatmap (the upper right panel) represents antioxidant gene expression levels in experimental groups of cells. The magnitude of gene expression level is represented by a colour scale (top) going from low (blue) to high (red).</p

Fig 8 -

Principal component plots experimental groups with antioxidant genes based on qPCR data set in IPEC-1 cells (A), colon (B) and mesenteric lymph nodes (C). The loading plot with differentially expressed genes in relation to the largest portion of the variance among experimental groups.</p

p-values for the parameters analysed in the in vitro and in vivo experiments.

p-values for the parameters analysed in the in vitro and in vivo experiments.</p

The effects of GSM on the expression of genes coding for Keap1/Nrf2 signalling pathway in IPEC-1 cells.

IPEC-1 cells were incubated with the following treatments: Control = untreated cells; LPS = cells treated with LPS (5μg/ml) + 100 μL culture media, 24h; GSM = cells pre-incubated 4h without LPS and treated after with 100 μL (50μg/mL) of GSM phenolic extract; LPS + GSM = cells pre-incubated with LPS (5μg/ml) 4 h and treated after with 100 μL (50μg/mL) of GSM phenolic extract 24h; EGCG = cells pre-incubated 4h without LPS and treated after with 100 μL (23μg/ml) EGCG; LPS + EGCG = cells pre-incubated with LPS (5μg/ml) 4 h and treated after with 100 μL (23μg/ml) EGCG, 24h. Results are presented as means ± standard errors, from three experimental series. a, b, c Histograms for each group with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (p Keap1, Nrf2, NQO1 and HO1 gene expression levels of experimental groups. The magnitude of the gene expression level is represented by a colour scale (top) going from low (blue) to high (red).</p

Effect of GSM diet on DNA oxidative damage and on protein carbonylation.

Effect of GSM diet on DNA oxidative damage and on protein carbonylation.</p